“A Lucid lecturess”: The Voices of New Zealand’s Silent Cinema

  • Peter Hoar
Keywords: Silent Cinema, Voice, Film History, Audiences, Listening

Abstract

This article attempts to record some of the faint echoes left from the days of silent cinema in New Zealand. Sound has been an integral part of cinematic experience in New Zealand since the very first exhibitions during 1895 but the acoustic dimension of film has been little explored by local historians and media scholars. Cinema audiences listened as much as they watched and these sounds were generated by many sources from gramophones to orchestras. This article concentrates on just one aspect of this richly polyphonic cinematic soundscape: the human voice. Through a discussion of the ways in which lecturers, actors, and audiences used their voices as films were played, this article recovers important aspects of how films were experienced in New Zealand before the arrival of synchronised sound and pictures during the late 1920s.

References

Abel, Richard, “The Cinema of Attractions in France 1896–1904.” in Lee Grieveson and Peter Krämer, eds, The Silent Cinema Reader. Oxford: Routledge, 2006: 63-75.

Abel, Richard. “That Most American of Attractions, the Illustrated Song”, in Abel & Altman, eds, The Sounds of Early Cinema. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2001: 143–55.

Abel, Richard & Rick Altman. eds, The Sounds of Early Cinema. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2001.

Adorno, Theodor W. and Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment. London: Verso, 1997.

Altman, Rick. Silent Film Sound. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.

Altman, Rick, “The Silence of the Silent.” The Musical Quarterly 80, no. 4 (1996): 648–718.

Anderson, Joseph L. “Spoken Silents in the Japanese Cinema: Essay on the Necessity of Katsuben.” Journal of Film and Video 40, no. 1 (1988): 13-33.

Ayers, Reynold. “Don’ts for Movie Goers”, New Zealand Theatre & Motion Picture. 6, 1921: 38.

Bachman, Gregg. “Still in the Dark: Silent Film Audiences.” Film History 9, no. 1 (1997)” 23–48.

Barr, Mary and Jim Barr, “The Kid From Timaru”, The New Zealand Film Archive, online, n.d., available at: http://www.filmarchive.org.nz/tracking-shots/close-ups/KidFromTimaru.html (2 December 2012).

Benjamin, Walter, “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.” in Hannah Arendt, ed., Illuminations. New York: Schoken, 1985: 217–51.

Bottomore, Stephen. “The Panicking Audience?: Early Cinema and the Train Effect.” Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 19, no. 2 (1999): 177–216.

Bradwell, Cyril R. Fight the Good Fight: The Story of the Salvation Army in New Zealand 1883–1983. Wellington: Reed, 1982.

Brophy, Philip, “Where Sound Is: Locating the Absent Aural in Film Theory.” in The Sage Handbook of Film Studies, James Donald and Michel Renov, eds, Los Angeles: Sage Publications Ltd, 2008: 425-435.

Bull, Michael and Les Back, eds, The Auditory Culture Reader. Oxford: Berg, 2003.

Churchman, Geoffrey. ed., Celluloid Dreams: A Century of Film in New Zealand. Wellington: IPL Books, 1997.

Cummins, Peg. A History of Kawhia & Its District. Kawhia: Kawhia Museum, 2004.

Curtis, Scott. “If It’s Not Scottish, It’s Crap: Harry Lauder Sings for Selig.” Film History 11, no. 4 (1999): 418–25.

Drobnick, Jim, ed., Aural Cultures. Toronto: XYZ Books, 2004.

Dym, Jeffrey. “Benshi and the Introduction of Motion Pictures to Japan.” Monumenta Nipponica 55, No. 4 (2000): 509-536.

Erlmann, Veit, ed., Hearing Cultures: Essays on Sound, Listening and Modernity. Oxford: Berg, 2004.

Grieveson, Lee and Peter Krämer, eds, The Silent Cinema Reader. Oxford: Routledge, 2006.

Gunning, Tom, “Now You See It, Now You Don’t: The Temporality of the Cinema of Attractions.” in Lee Grieveson and Peter Krämer, eds, The Silent Cinema Reader. Oxford: Routledge, 2006: 41-50.

Hayward, Bruce W. & Selwyn P. Hayward. Cinemas of Auckland 1896–1979. Auckland: Lodestar Press, 1979.

Hideaki Fujiki. “Benshi as Stars: The Irony of the popularity and respectability of Voice Performers in Japanese Cinema.” Cinema Journal 45, no. 2 (2006): 68-84.

Hunt, A.N. “Recreation and Entertainment.” in A.N. Hunt, ed., Foxton 1888–1988: The First 100 Years. Foxton: Foxton Borough Council, 1987: 201-19.

Kuei-Fen Chiu. “The Question of Translation in Taiwanese Colonial Cinematic Space.” The Journal of Asian Studies 70, no. 1 (2011): 77-97.

Lastra, James, Sound Technology and the American Cinema: Perception, Representation, Modernity. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.

Lee, John A. Early Days in New Zealand. Martinborough: Alister Taylor, 1977.

Main, William. ‘‘The Lanthorn that Shews Tricks: The Magic Lantern in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand.” Turnbull Library Record, 27 (1994): 45–53.

Maliangkay, Roald. “The Power of Representation: Korean Movie Narrators and Authority.” The Journal of Korean Studies 16, no. 2 (2011): 213-29.

Marks, Martin Miller, Music and the Silent Film: Contexts and Case Studies 1895–1924. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Mizoguchi, Akiko. “Gender and the Art of Benshi: In Dialogue with Midori Sawato.” Camera Obscura 26, no. 78 (2011): 154-66.

Moffatt, Kirstine. Piano Forte: Stories and Soundscapes from Colonial New Zealand. Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2011.

Musser, Charles, The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990.

Musser, Charles, “Moving Towards Fictional Narratives: Story Films Become the Dominant Product 1903–1904.” in Lee Grieveson and Peter Krämer, eds, The Silent Cinema Reader. Oxford: Routledge, 2006: 87–102.

Pinch, Trevor and Karin Bijstervald, eds, The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Pivac, Diane. “The Rise of Fiction: Between the Wars.” in Pivac, Stark, and McDonald, eds, New Zealand Film: An Illustrated History. Wellington: Te Papa Press, 2011:53-77.

Pivac, Diane, Frank Stark and Lawrence McDonald, eds, New Zealand Film: An Illustrated History. Wellington: Te Papa Press, 2011.

Price, Simon. New Zealand’s First Talkies: Early Film-Making in Otago and Southland 1896–1939. Dunedin: Otago Heritage Books, 1996.

Pugsley, Chris. “The Magic of Moving Pictures: Film Making 1895-1918”, in Pivac, Stark, and McDonald, eds, New Zealand Film: An Illustrated History. Wellington: Te Papa Press, 2011: 29-51.

Reeves, Nicholas. “Through the Eye of the Camera: Contemporary Cinema Audiences and Their Experience of War in the Film Battle of the Somme.” in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle, eds, Facing Armageddon: The First World War Experience. London: Cooper, 1996: 780–98.

Robertson, D.W. “The Noises of Spectators, or the Spectator as Additive to the Spectacle.” in Abel & Altman, eds, The Sounds of Early Cinema. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2001: 183–91.

Shirley, Henry. Just a Bloody Piano Player. Auckland: Price, 1971.

Smith, Mark M., ed., Hearing History: A Reader. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2004.

Sowry, Clive, “MacMahon’s Cinematographe.” The Big Picture, 10 (1996): 22-3.

Sterne, Jonathan, ed., The Sound Studies Reader. London: Routledge, 2012.

Suisman, David and Susan Strasser, eds, Sound in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.

Sullivan, Jim, Canterbury Voices. Christchurch: Hazard Press, 2007.

Published
2016-12-01
How to Cite
Hoar, P. (2016). “A Lucid lecturess”: The Voices of New Zealand’s Silent Cinema. Back Story Journal of New Zealand Art, Media & Design History, (1), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.24135/backstory.vi1.14
Section
Articles