Traversing The Doctorate: Which Little Piggy Are You?
Abstract
Traversing the doctorate from start to completion can be stressful, with some students never reaching completion. This autoethnographic study explored how one researcher completed a Doctor of Philosophy and maintained their subjective wellbeing through ‘self-introspection’, using the analogy of the three little pigs. Data was generated through autoethnographic accounts. A four-step iterative process frames data analysis. There were four key findings. Self-talk with internal dialogue was a strategy used to move thinking to a more optimistic state of mind. Relational connectivity was effective in deliberately shifting negative affect states. Organisational skills enabled dealing with cognitive complexity. The use of a Researcher Journal guided self-regulation and self-control in self-reflection, contributing to the positive maintenance of one researcher’s subjective wellbeing. This autoethnographic account highlights ways of working that could be beneficial to help other researchers balance their subjective wellbeing while successfully completing the doctoral journey.
References
Al Nima, A., Garcia, D., Sikström, S., & Cloninger, K.M. (2024). The ABC of happiness: Vali-dation of the tridimensional model of subjective well-being (affect, cognition, and be-haviour) using bifactor polytomous multidimensional item response theory. Heli-yon,10(2), e24386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24386.
Beerkens, M. (2015). Quality assurance in the political context: In the midst of different expecta-tions and conflicting goals. Quality in Higher Education, 21(3), 231-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2015.1111004
Berry, G. R., & Hughes, H. (2020). Integrating work-life balance with 24/7 information and communication technologies: the experience of adult students with online learning. American Journal of Distance Education, 34(2), 91-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2020.1701301
Bochner, A., & Ellis, C. (2016). Evocative autoethnography: Writing lives and telling stories. Routledge.
Boekaerts, M. (2002). Unravelling the mental representation students make of stressful events. In G.S. Gates & M. Wolverton (Eds.), Toward wellness: Coping, and stress (pp. 39-59). Information Age Publishing.
Bracke, S. (2017). On knowing how it feels. Ethnography, 18(3), 390-392. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1466138117721723
Carroll, L. (2020). Problem-focused coping. In M. D. Gellman,& J.R. Turner(Eds.), Encyclo-pedia of behavioral medicine (pp.1747-1748). Springer International Publishing.
Chang, H., & Bilgen, W. (2020). Autoethnography in leadership studies: Past, present, and fu-ture. Journal of Autoethnography, 1(1), 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1525/joae.2020.1.1.93
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education (5th ed.). Routledge Falmer.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). Routledge.
Creswell, J. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach, (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Cummins, R. A. (2016). The theory of subjective wellbeing homeostasis: A contribution to un-derstanding life quality. In A. C. Michalos, E. Diener, W. Glatzer, T. Moum, M.A.G. Sprangers, J. Vogel & R. Veenhoven (Eds), A life devoted to quality of life (pp.61-79). Springer.
Davis, H., Evans, T., & Hickey, C. (2006). A knowledge-based economy landscape: Implica-tions for Australia's tertiary education and research training. Journal of Higher Educa-tion Policy and Management, 28(3), 231-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600800600979983
D'Andrea, V., & Gosling, D. (2005). Improving teaching and learning in higher education: A whole institution approach. McGraw-Hill Education.
Day, C. (2005). The UK policy for school leadership: Uneasy transitions. In N. Bascia, A. Cumming, A., Datnow, K. Leithwood & D. Livingstone (Eds), International handbook of educational policy: Springer international handbooks of education (Volume 13) (pp.393-420). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3201-3_19
Dearing, R. L., Maddux, J. E., & Tangney, J. P. (2005). Predictors of psychological help-seeking in clinical and counselling psychology graduate students. Professional Psychology Re-search &Practice, 36(3), 323. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.3.323
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The ‘what’ and ‘why’ of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behaviour. An International Journal for the Advancement of Psy-chological Theory, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective wellbeing: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective wellbeing and ill-being. Ap-plied Research in Quality of Life, 1, 151-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-006-9007-x
Diener, E. (2009). Assessing wellbeing: The collected works of Ed Diener. Springer Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4
Diener, E., & Chan, M. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective wellbeing contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health & Wellbeing, 3(1), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x
Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, R. & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Diener, E., Lucas, R.E. & Oishi, S., 2018. Advances and open questions in the science of sub-jective well-being. Collabra: Psychology, 4(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.115
Diener, E., Napa-Scollon, C. K., Oishi, S., Dzokoto, V., & Suh, E. M. (2000). Positivity and the construction of life satisfaction judgments: Global happiness is not the sum of its parts. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1(2), 159-176. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010031813405
Diener, E., Oishi, S. & Lucas, R. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective wellbeing: Emo-tional and cognitive life evaluations. Annual Review Psychology, 54, 403-425. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056
Diener, E., Suh, E., & Oishi, S. (1997). Recent findings on subjective wellbeing. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2905
Diener, E., & Ryan, K. (2009). Subjective wellbeing: A general overview. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(4), 391-406. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/008124630903900402
Duncan, M. (2001). Principles of hypermedia design: An autoethnographic case study. [Un-published doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Aus-tralia.]
Duncan, M. (2004). Autoethnography: Critical appreciation of emerging art. International Jour-nal of Qualitative Methods, 3(4), 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690400300403
Eisner, E.W. (1991). The enlightened eye: Qualitative inquiry and the enhancement of educa-tional practice. Macmillan.
Eisenhardt, K.M., & Graebner, M.E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. The Academy of Management Journal, 50 (1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.24160888
Hammersley M., & Atkinson P. (1995). Ethnography: principles in practice. Routledge.
Harvey, L. (2023). Critical social research. Quality in Higher Education, 29(3), 280-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2022.2154139
Hish, A.J., Nagy, G.A., Fang, C.M., Kelley, L., Nicchitta, C.V., Dzirasa, K., & Rosenthal, M. Z. (2019). Applying the stress process model to stress–burnout and stress depression re-lationships in biomedical doctoral students: a cross-sectional pilot study. CBE Life Sci-ences Education, 18(4), ar51. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.19-03-0060
Holt, N. L. (2003). Representation, legitimation, and autoethnography: An Autoethnographic writing story. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690300200102
Jacobs, J. (1890). The three little pigs. English Fairy Tales. David Nutt.
Jairam, D., & Kahl, D. H., Jnr. (2012). Navigating the doctoral experience: the role of social support in successful degree completion. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 7(31), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.28945/1700
Jopp, R., & Cohen, J. (2020), Choose your own assessment. Assessment choice for students in online higher education. Teaching in Higher Education, 27(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2020.1742680
Jones, M. (2013). Issues in doctoral studies. Forty years of journal discussion: Where have we been and where are we going? International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 8(6), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.28945/1871
Jones-White, D. R., Soria, K.M., Tower, E. K., & Horner, O. G. (2021). Factors associated with anxiety and depression among US doctoral students: Evidence from the gradSERU sur-vey. Journal of American College Health, 70, 2433-2444. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1865975
Kadison, R. (2004). The mental-health crisis: What colleges must do. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 51(16), B20.
Karamouzian, M., & Rostami, M. (2019). Suicide statistics in Iran: Let’s get specific. American Journal of Men's Health, 13(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318807079
Kercher, K. (1992). Assessing subjective wellbeing in the old-old: The panas as a measure of orthogonal dimensions of positive and negative affect. Research on Aging, 14(2), 131-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027592142001
Kessler, R.C., Walters, E.E., & Forthofer, M.S. (1998). The social consequences of psychiatric disorders. III Probability of marital stability. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(8), 1092-1096. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.8.1092
Lacey, K. (2007). Maintaining, sustaining, and refueling leaders. A national overview of ser-vices and resources for principal wellbeing in the primary sector. Australian Primary Principals Association.
Larsen, R. J., Diener, E., & Emmons, R. (1985). An evaluation of subjective wellbeing measures. Social Indicators Research, 17, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00354108
Larsen, R. J., & Eid, M. (2008). Ed Diener and the science of subjective wellbeing. In M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of wellbeing (pp.1-16). Guilford Publications.
Lewinsohn, P., Redner, J., & Seeley, J. (1991). The relationship between life satisfaction and psychosocial variables: New perspectives. In F. Strack, M. Argyle, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Subjective wellbeing: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp.141-172). Pergamon Press.
Levecque, K., Anseel, F., De Beuckelaer, A., Van der Heyden, J., & Gisle, L. (2017). Work or-ganisation and mental health problems in PhD students. Research Policy, 46(4), 868-879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.02.008
Liu, X., Zou, Y., Ma, Y., & Gao, W. (2020). What affects PhD student creativity in China? A case study from the joint training pilot project. Higher Education, 80, 37-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-019-00463-8
Maggino, F., & Alaimo, L. S. (2021). Complexity and wellbeing: Measurement and analysis. In L. Bruni, A. Smerille & D. De Rosa (Eds.), Modern guide to the economics of happiness (pp.113-128). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Sage Publications.
Maxwell, J. A. (2009). Evidence: A critical realist perspective for qualitative research. In N.K. Denzin, & M.D. Giardina (Eds.), Qualitative inquiry and social justice (pp.108-122). Left Coast Press.
McGuigan, F. J. (1999). Encyclopedia of stress. Allyn & Bacon.
Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1998). The relationship between adult attachment styles and emo-tional and cognitive reactions to stressful events. In J.A. Simpson, & W.S, Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp.143-165). Guilford Press.
Miles, M., & Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage Publications.
Moutier, C. (2021). Suicide prevention in the COVID-19 era: Transforming threat into opportuni-ty. Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 78(4), 433-438. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3746
Mowbray, C.T., Megivern, D., Mandiberg, J. M., Strauss, S., Stein, C.H., Collins, K., Kopels S., Curlin, C., & Lett, R. (2006). Campus mental health services: recommendations for change. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(2), 226–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.2.226
Munroe, M., Al-Refae, M., Chan, H.W., & Ferrari, M. (2022). Using self-compassion to grow in the face of trauma: The role of positive reframing and problem-focused coping strate-gies. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy, 14(S1), S157-S164. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001164
Nunbogu, A. M., & Elliott, S. J. (2023). COVID-19 brought the water struggles in Ghana into our homes in Canada: Collective emotions and WASH struggles in distant locations dur-ing health emergencies. Health & Place, 83, 103099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103099
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Sage Publications.
Polanyi, M. (1976). Tacit knowledge. In M. Marx & F. Goodson (Eds.), Theories in contempo-rary psychology (pp. 330-344). Macmillan.
Robson, S., Stephenson, A., McCarthy, C., Lowe, D., Conlen, B., & Gray, A. J. (2021). Identi-fying opportunities for health promotion and intervention in the ED. Emergency Medi-cine Journal, 38(12), 927-932. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2019-209101
Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2001). A review of research on hedonic and eudemonic wellbeing. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 144-166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
Stone, A. A., & Mackie, C. (2014). Measuring wellbeing. In A.A. Stone & C. Mackie (Eds.), Subjective wellbeing: Measuring happiness, suffering, and other dimensions of experi-ence (pp.49-68). The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/18548
Stubb, J., Pyhalto, K., & Lonka, K. (2011). Balancing between inspiration and exhaustion: PhD students’ experienced socio-psychological wellbeing. Studies in Continuing Education, 33(1), 33-50. https://doi.org/10. 1080/0158037X.2010.515572
Suresh, S., Hoffman, R., Liu, S., & Gosbell, A. (2020). Australian medical student expectations of work-life balance as a doctor. MedEdPublish, 9(1). https://doi.org/0.15694/mep.2020.000256.1
Weitzman, E.R. (2004). Poor mental health, depression, and associations with alcohol consump-tion, harm, and abuse in a national sample of young adults in college. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(4), 269-277. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000120885.17362.94
Wisker, G., & Robinson, G. (2018). In sickness and in health, and a ‘duty of care': PhD student health, stress and wellbeing issues and supervisory experiences. In E. Bitzer (Ed.), Spaces, journeys, and new horizons for postgraduate supervision (pp. 303-316). Sun Media Press.
Wyatt, T., & Oswalt, S.B. (2013). Comparing mental health issues among undergraduate and graduate students. American Journal of Health Education. 44(2), 96-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2013. 764248.
van Rooij, E., Fokkens-Bruinsma, M., & Jansen, E. (2021). Factors that influence PhD candi-dates’ success: The importance of PhD project characteristics. Studies in Continuing Ed-ucation, 43(1), 48-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2019.1652158
Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2020). Individual differences and changes in subjective wellbe-ing during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000702
Copyright (c) 2024 Susan Carter
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.