Integração de perspectivas maori na gestão ambiental e na pesca
Resumo
As perspectivas maori sobre a gestão ambiental defendem uma abordagem equilibrada e interconectada, priorizando a sustentabilidade de longo prazo. Isso contrasta com abordagens mais reducionistas e economicamente orientadas, focadas em ganhos comerciais de curto prazo. Este documento apresenta uma visão geral do Sistema de Gestão de Cotas (QMS) da Nova Zelândia e dos direitos de pesca dos maoris. O documento descreve aspectos do mātauranga maori (conhecimento maori), explicando conceitos-chave como kaitiakitanga (tutela) e sua aplicação no gerenciamento da pesca comercial. A pesquisa destaca como as empresas de pesca de propriedade dos maoris equilibram os interesses econômicos com a administração cultural e ambiental, excedendo os requisitos regulamentares para proteger os ambientes marinhos. O documento discute os desafios enfrentados pelo setor, incluindo questões ambientais e pressão pública por sustentabilidade, ao mesmo tempo em que observa o potencial de crescimento, especialmente na aquicultura. Ao analisar a integração bem-sucedida das visões de mundo maori no setor de pesca comercial, este documento demonstra o potencial de conciliar os sistemas de conhecimento indígena com as práticas modernas de gerenciamento de recursos. Conclui-se que a abordagem maori para o gerenciamento da pesca oferece percepções valiosas para equilibrar o desenvolvimento econômico com a preservação ecológica e cultural.
Referências
Aotearoa Circle. (2021). Seafood Sector Adaptation Strategy: Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021 - 2030. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bb6cb19c2ff61422a0d7b17/t/5f03d8e38e53972d046f0ef2/1594087721917/Aotearoa+Circle+-+Marine+Scenarios+Final+Report.pdf
Bargh, B. (2016). The struggle for Māori fishing rights. Huia Publishers.
Barlow, C. (1991). Tikanga Whakaaro: Key concepts in Māori culture. Oxford University Press.
BERL. (2022, March). The economic contribution of commercial fishing: Fisheries Inshore New Zealand (FINZ) report. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/BERL-2022-Commercial-Fishing-Economic-Contribution-Final-Report.pdf.
Bodwitch, H. (2019). Case study in Kaitiaki-Centred Business Models: Case Studies of Māori Marine-Based Enterprises in Aotearoa New Zealand. In M. Rout, B. Lythberg, J. Mika, A. Gillies, H. Bodwitch, D. Hikuroa, S. Awatere, F. Wiremu, M. Rakena, & J. Reid (Eds.), Whai Rawa, Whai Mana, Whai Oranga: Creating a World-Leading Indigenous Blue Marine Economy. Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge, Tangaroa Research Programme. Retrieved from https://www.sustainableseaschallenge.co.nz/tools-and-resources/kaitiaki-centred-business-models-case-studies-of-maori-marine-based-enterprises-in-aotearoa-nz/
Department of Conservation. (n.d.). New Zealand’s marine biodiversity. Retrieved from https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/habitats/marine/new-zealands-marine-biodiversity/
Durie, E. T. (1994). Custom law: Address to the New Zealand Society for Legal and Social Philosophy. Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, 24(4), 325–332. https://doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v24i4.6228
Fox, A. (2023, December 14). Could Shane Jones be the fishing 'champion' the industry is looking for? New Zealand Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/could-shane-jones-be-the-fishing-champion-the-industry-is-looking-for/NTXSBKBLVJCINAQHJK7TWCILLA/
Gerrard, J. (2021). The future of commercial fishing in Aotearoa New Zealand: A report from the Office of the Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor, Kaitohutohu Mātanga Pūtaiao Matua ki te Pirimia. Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor. https://bpb-ap-se2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.auckland.ac.nz/dist/f/688/files/2020/01/Fish-report-Full-report-11March21.pdf
Guard, D. (2023, May 12). Talking Point: Navigating the choppy waters of professional fishers. Hawkes Bay Today. Retrieved from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/hawkes-bay-today/news/talking-point-navigating-the-choppy-waters-of-professional-fishers/WDFGOORRBZHDNCY2HHD322M34U/
Harmsworth, G., & Awatere, S. (2013). Indigenous Māori knowledge and perspectives of ecosystems. In J. R. Dymond (Ed.), Ecosystem services in New Zealand—conditions and trends (pp. 274−286). Manaaki Whenua Press.
Harmsworth, G., Awatere, S., & Robb, M. (2016). Indigenous Māori values and perspectives to inform freshwater management in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Ecology and Society, 21(4). http://www.jstor.org/stable/26269997
Houkamau, C.A., & Pouwhare, R. (in press). Mana Moana: Ngā Urungi O Te Ohu Kai Moana Toitū Mō Anamata: Navigators of Sustainable Fisheries For The Future. University of Auckland Press, Auckland, New Zealand.
Kawharu, M. (2000). Kaitiakitanga: A Māori anthropological perspective of the Māori socio-environmental ethic of resource management. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 109(4), 349–370.
Law Commission. (2001, March 28). Māori custom and values in New Zealand law (Study Paper 9). https://www.lawcom.govt.nz/our-projects/m%C4%81ori-customary-law
Love, C. (2004). Extensions on Te Wheke (Working Papers No. 6-04). The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand.
Magallanes, C. J. I. (2015). Nature as an ancestor: Two examples of legal personality for nature in New Zealand. VertigO, 22(September). https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.16199
McAllister, T., Hikuroa, D., & Macinnis-Ng, C. (2023). Connecting science to Indigenous knowledge: Kaitiakitanga, conservation, and resource management. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 47(1), 3521.
Mead, H. M. (2016). Tikanga Māori: Living by Māori values (Rev. ed.). Huia Publishers.
Ministry for Primary Industries. (2018). Electronic catch and position reporting. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/fishing-aquaculture/commercial-fishing/fisheries-change-programme/electronic-catch-and-hore-reporting/
Ministry for Primary Industries. (2019). New Zealand seafood consumer preferences: A snapshot. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/38750-New-Zealand-seafood-consumer-preferences
Ministry for Primary Industries. (2023). Mahere Takahuritanga Ahumahi Hao Ika: Fisheries Industry Transformation Plan. Retrieved from https://www.seafood.co.nz/fileadmin/Industry_Transformation_Plan/FINAL_Fisheries_ITP_Web.pdf
Ministry for Primary Industries. (2024, May 27). Fish Quota Management System. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/legal/legislation-standards-and-reviews/fisheries-legislation/quota-management-system/#:~:text=The%20Quota%20Management%20System%20(QMS,use%20of%20New%20Zealand%20fisheries.
Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ. (2019). New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Our marine environment 2019. Retrieved from https://environment.govt.nz/assets/publications/Files/our-marine-environment-2019.pdf.
Morris, J. D., & Ruru, J. (2010). Giving voice to rivers: Legal personality as a vehicle for recognising Indigenous Peoples’ relationships to water? Australian Indigenous Law Review, 14(2), 49–62.
Muru-Lanning, C. (2021, July 2). Te hi ika: How Māori fishing rights were saved – but only just. The Spinoff. Retrieved from https://thespinoff.co.nz/atea/02-07-2021/te-hi-ika-how-the-crown-almost-robbed-maori-of-fishing-rights.
Mutter, R. (2022, June 9). Fuel costs, labour shortages, wage inflation: New Zealand’s top seafood CEOs facing collision of crises. IntraFish. Retrieved from https://www.intrafish.com/shipping-logistics/fuel-costs-labor-shortages-wage-inflation-new-zealands-top-seafood-ceos-facing-collision-of-crises/2-1-1223804.
New Zealand Parliament. (2024, April 30). Māori Fisheries Amendment Bill — Second Reading. New Zealand Parliament. https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/hansard-debates/rhr/combined/HansDeb_20240430_20240430_48#:~:text=Today%2C%2045%20percent%20of%20iwi,them%20under%20their%20own%20brand
NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research). (2016, July 26). The pearl of New Zealand fishing.https://niwa.co.nz/news/pearl-new-zealand-fishing
OEC/Observatory of Economic Complexity. (2024). Processed Fish Exports New Zealand – May 2024. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/processed-fish/reporter/nzl
Rameka, L. (2016). Kia whakatōmuri te haere whakamua: ‘I walk backwards into the future with my eyes fixed on my past’. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 17(4), 387–398.
Rāwiri, Ā. H. (2020, June 17). I am the River: Whanganui iwi on the four natural laws that guide them. The Spinoff. https://thespinoff.co.nz/atea/17-06-2020/i-am-the-river-whanganui-iwi-on-the-four-principles-that-guide-them
Reid, J., Barr, T., & Lambert, S. (2013). The New Zealand sustainability dashboard: Indigenous sustainability indicators for Māori farming and fishing enterprises. Ngāi Tahu Research Centre, University of Canterbury.
Roberts, M., Norman, W., Minhinnick, N., Wihongi, D., & Kirkwood, C. (1995). Kaitiakitanga: Māori perspectives on conservation. Pacific Conservation Biology, 2(1), 7−20.
Royal, T. A. C. (2005, February 8). Māori creation traditions. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/Māori-creation-traditions/print
Royal, T. A. C. (2009). Mātauranga Māori: An introduction. Mauri-ki-te-Ao/Living Universe.
Schwimmer, E. (1966). The world of the Maori. A.H. & A.W. Reed, Wellington.
Seafood New Zealand. (2024a). Focusing on the fishers, not just the fish. Seafood New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.seafood.co.nz/news-and-events/news/detail/focusing-on-the-fishers-not-just-the-fish.
Seafood New Zealand. (2024b). New fishing rules reflect fishers’ proactive actions. Scoop. Retrieved from https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO2406/S00075/new-fishing-rules-reflect-fishers-proactive-actions.htm.
Simmons, G., Robertson, B., Whittaker, H., Slooten, E., McCormack, F., Bremner, G., Haworth, N., Thrush, S. F., & Dawson, S. (2017, September 5). New Zealand’s fisheries quota management system: On an undeserved pedestal. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/new-zealands-fisheries-quota-management-system-on-anundeserved-pedestal-82210
Te Runanganui o Ngati Porou. (2024). Ahia. Ngati Porou. https://www.ngatiporou.com/nati-businesses-and-organisations/ahia
Walker, R. (24 August 1993). A paradigm of the Māori view of reality. Paper delivered to the David Nichol Seminar IX, Voyages and Beaches: Discovery and the Pacific 1700-18
Copyright (c) 2024 Carla Houkamau, Robert Pouwhare; Marcos Mortensen Steagall (Translator)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors submitting articles for publication warrant that the work is not an infringement of any existing copyright and will indemnify the publisher against any breach of such warranty. By publishing in LINK PRAXIS Journal, the author(s) agree to the dissemination of their work through the LINK PRAXIS Journal.
By publishing in LINK PRAXIS Journal, the authors grant the Journal a Creative Commons nonexclusive worldwide license (CC-BY 4.0): Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License) for electronic dissemination of the article via the Internet, and, a nonexclusive right
to license others to reproduce, republish, transmit, and distribute the content of the journal. The authors grant the Journal the right to transfer content (without changing it), to any medium or format necessary for the purpose of preservation.
Authors agree that the Journal will not be liable for any damages, costs, or losses whatsoever arising in any circumstances from its services, including damages arising from the breakdown of technology and difficulties with access.